Pseudobulbar Affect

Hari ini aku cek google tentang keluhan rasa tiba-tiba mau nangis selama beberapa saat aja. Aku cari di google dengan keyword "psychology of sudden cry". Setelah itu, yang aku dapet adalah sebuah artikel yang menurut aku cukup menarik, yaitu tentang Pseudobulbar Affect (PBA). <http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/neuronarrative/201110/not-all-crying-is-depression-understanding-pseudobulbar-affect> .

Disana awalnya dikatakan bahwa kita harus membedakan tentang depresi dengan PBA. PBA itu dapat berupa refleks untuk menangis ataupun tertawa yang tidak terkontrol. Penyebab dari PBA ini belum cukup jelas, namun, PBA ini terdapat sebagai salah satu gejala untuk beberapa pasien yang terkena penyakit neurologis di otak seperti Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer, trauma otak karena stroke dan lain-lain. Jadi, ini mungkin disebabkan oleh injury pada otak yang kita tidak tahu atau sadari.

Di artikel ini aku dikatakan bahwa ternyata PBA ini punya efek samping, yaitu isolasi sosial atau menghindari hubungan sosial. Efek isolasi sosial ini terjadi secara tidak disadari sebagaimana si penderita PBA ini berusaha menjauhi faktor-faktor yang dapat membuat dia mengeluarkan respon tangis atau tawanya, bahkan dikatakan bahwa penderita tidak berinteraksi dengan orang lain terkecuali memang diharuskan.

Treatment untuk PBA ini sudah ditemukan menurut penelitian tentang pengobatan pada pasien ALS sekitar 18 tahun yang lalu, yaitu Neudexta dan sudah available sejak Januari 2011 lalu. Obat Nuedexta ini dibuat oleh AVANIR Pharmaceuticals. Obat ini memiliki bahan aktif dextromethorphan yang merupakan bahan yang sama dengan yang ditemukan pada beberapa obat batuk.

First Project

Dear my lovely blog >.< *sok imut*
Beberapa waktu yang lalu aku ikut REVOLUTION Project tentang buat fan fiction dari NBC Palembang. Aku kirim 2 fan fiction, yaitu 'Last Letter' dan 'Drizzle (fate)'. Aku kirimnya agak mepet-mepet sama deadline. Deadline pengumpulannya itu tanggal 20 Agustus 2012, dan aku kirim fan fiction itu tanggal 16 dan 18 Agustus. Ini merupakan kegiatan nulis pertama yang aku lakuin untuk dikirim dan ini fan fiction! haha.

Revolution project itu project fan fiction dengan cast yang fiksi juga karena sebenernya boyband 'revolution' itu buatan oleh adminnya :p

REVOLUTION adalah Boyband bentukan Angelic Entertainment. Mulai debut di salah satu stasiun TV di Korea Selatan tanggal 3 Maret 2011 dengan single 'Come Back', yang menceritakan tentang seorang pria yang menginginkan masa lalunya kembali. Member dari Revolution itu adalah :

1. Kim Ah Jung/Stage Name : A.J 

2. Sung Ri Ann/Stage Name : Ri Ann 

3. Park Yong Jae/Stage Name : Young 

4. Lee Jun Hyung/Stage Name : Jun Hyung 

5. Go Yun Jo/Stage Name : Yun Jo

sumber : http://serenadeblossom.blogspot.com/2012/07/revolution-project.html

Dan entah karena beruntung atau apa, pas pengumuman 8 fan fiction yang dipilih oleh adminnya, aku masuk haha. Fan fiction yang kepilih itu yang judulnya 'Last Letter'. Cerita fan fiction itu menurut aku sad romance gitulah, karena itu punya sad ending. Bukan cerita yang sangat bagus dari segi kata atau cerita, cerita klasik. Tapi karena itu adalah project pertama aku, aku tentu sangat suka haha. Setidaknya itu karya pertama aku yang di-publish karena aku juga nggak pernah publish fan fiction aku ke blog dan sebagainya. Aku lebih suka baca untuk diri sendiri, sebelumnya. Semoga aku bisa dapet kesempatan kayak gini lagi hehe. Semangat suci! :) Good Job.

Oh iya, aku juga minta beberapa pendapat temen aku tentang 2 fan fiction aku ini, aku kirim fan fiction ini ke mirza, amel, joshua, chunnie, dan haekal. Entah dibaca atau nggak, tapi ya begitulah semoga bagus haha. Terima kasih teman! :)

Asthma

Introduction

Asthma is a reversible narrowing of the airways in the lungs. It is characterised by 3 airway problems, reversible obstruction, caused by increased reaction of the airways to various stimuli (triggers) and inflammation. It can be life-threatening if not properly managed



Can I get asthma in adulthood?
Yes. Asthma can develop at any age, though it is more common in children and teenagers. Some people get asthma for the first time when they are older. More than 13 million people have asthma and 1.5 million of them are 65 years or older.


Is asthma inherited?
Yes, there is a tendency for asthma to be inherited, such that asthma may seem to "run in the family". If you have a blood relative with asthma or allergies, you are at higher risk of getting asthma.

Symptoms

The most common symptoms are:

• Wheezing sound
• Cough particularly at night
• Difficulty in breathing
• Chest tightness

Causes and Risks

There are many different factors that can trigger an asthma attack. These may be found indoors and outdoors and include:

• Changes in temperature and weather
• Tobacco smoke and wood smoke
• Perfume, paint and any strong odors or fumes
• Allergens (particles that cause allergies) like dust mites, pollen, molds and animal dander
• Infections (viral or bacterial) including common cold and influenza
• Certain medications eg. aspirin

Atopy and Asthma
Atopy is a genetic tendency to develop allergic disease. This is usually manifested in the skin by a rash (eczema or hives). Other manifestations are allergic rhinitis and asthma.

Diagnosis

The test for asthma involves a breathing test (known as spirometry) which may be done before and after administration of a bronchodilator to determine if there is reversible obstruction of the airways. In addition, a substance known as methacholine (known to induce airway narrowing), may be used to determine if the airways are hyperresponsive (typical of asthmatics). These tests are available in most major restructured hospitals.

Treatment

Asthma is a treatable health condition. Although at present there is no cure, with good management, people with asthma can lead normal, active lives.

There are 4 main components to the treatment of asthma:

• To assess the severity of asthma and to monitor the response to treatment using objective tests of lung function (for example spirometry and peak expiratory flow rate)
  
• The use of medication to reverse and prevent airway inflammation that contributes to the airway narrowing
  
• To take preventive measures to avoid or eliminate factors that induce or trigger asthma flare-ups
  
• Patient education

Medications used in the treatment of asthma

Preventers/Anti-inflammatory agents control airway inflammation thereby keeping the airways open by reducing the swelling and mucus. Inhaled steroids are the most effective anti-inflammatory medication for the treatment of asthma. They should be taken daily to reduce the risk of asthma attack and to prevent airway injury. It may take a few months for preventers to reach their optimal effect. Examples of inhaled steroids include beclomethasone, budesonide and fluticasone.

Relievers/Bronchodilators work mainly by relaxing the airway muscles to open the airway. They provide relief from asthma symptoms within minutes and are used during an acute asthma attack. They have little or no effect on airway inflammation. Examples of bronchodilators include beta-agonists (eg salbutamol) and anti-cholinergics (eg ipatropium).



Frequently Asked Questions
Can people with asthma exercise?
Yes. People with asthma should not avoid exercise as it is beneficial. Swimming is often recommended when asthma is under control. Most asthmatics can participate and excel at any sport (a number of Olympic medalists have asthma). For people whose asthma is brought on specifically by exercise, medication can be taken before exercise to help avoid an episode.


What is exercise-induced asthma?
This is narrowing of the airways that is caused by exercise. It is more likely to happen when there is exposure to cold air with low humidity, and air pollutants. A specialised test that includes cycling or treadmill running is usually performed to confirm the diagnosis.

What is a peak flow meter?
It is a simple device which measures airflow and therefore determines how open your airways are objectively (rather than by guessing). It is analogous to a thermometer for a patient with fever. It is used to determine the severity of an attack, to monitor response to treatment and to detect worsening in lung function in a patient who has difficulty recognizing symptoms of asthma thereby enabling prompt treatment to avoid a possible serious attack.

What is the relationship between asthma and smoking?
Smoking has a harmful effect on the airways and can trigger an asthma attack. All asthmatics should not smoke, and should also avoid passively inhaling smoke from cigarettes, cigars and pipes from family members.

What happens when an asthmatic gets pregnant?
About a third of asthmatics worsen during pregnancy. Uncontrolled asthma causes a reduction in oxygen content in the mother's blood. Since the fetus gets its oxygen from the mother’s blood, this may lead to impaired fetal growth and survival. Properly controlled asthma does not increase the risk of maternal or infant complications and is essential during pregnancy.  

Useful Links
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology: http://www.aaaai.org
American Lung Association: http://www.lungusa.org

sumber : http://www.singhealth.com.sg/PatientCare/ConditionsAndTreatments/Pages/Asthma.aspx